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A comprehensive assessment on the durability of gas diffusion electrode materials in PEM fuel cell stack

Arunkumar JAYAKUMAR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第2期   页码 325-338 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0618-y

摘要： Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell is the most promising among the various types of fuel cells. Though it has found its applications in numerous fields, the cost and durability are key barriers impeding the commercialization of PEM fuel cell stack. The crucial and expensive component involved in it is the gas diffusion electrode (GDE) and its degradation, which limits the performance and life of the fuel cell stack. A critical analysis and comprehensive understanding of the structural and functional properties of various materials involved in the GDE can help us to address the related durability and cost issues. This paper reviews the key GDE components, and in specific, the root causes influencing the durability. It also envisages the role of novel materials and provides a critical recommendation to improve the GDE durability.

关键词： PEM fuel cell     gas diffusion electrode(GDE)     gas diffusion layer(GDL)     membrane electrode assembly     durability     fuel cell catalyst    

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Preparation of a Pb loaded gas diffusion electrode and its application to CO

Ang LI, Hua WANG, Jinyu HAN, Li LIU

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第4期   页码 381-388 doi: 10.1007/s11705-012-1216-2

摘要： A Pb loaded gas diffusion electrode was fabricated and used for the electroreduction of CO to formic acid. The Pb/C catalyst was prepared by isometric impregnation. The crystal structure and morphology of the Pb/C catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The preparation conditions of the gas diffusion electrode were optimized by adjusting the amounts of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in the gas diffusion layer and acetylene black in the catalytic layer. The electrochemical performance of the as-prepared gas diffusion electrode was studied by chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry. The optimized gas diffusion electrode showed good catalytic performance for the electroreduction of CO . The current efficiency of formic acid after 1 h of operation reached a maximum of 22% at -2.0 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE).

关键词： electroreduction     carbon dioxide     lead catalyst     gas diffusion electrode     formic acid    

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Evaluation of the technoeconomic feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production for decentralized water treatment

Yang Li, Yixin Zhang, Guangshen Xia, Juhong Zhan, Gang Yu, Yujue Wang

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1293-2

摘要： Abstract • Gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is a suitable setup for practical water treatment. • Electrochemical H2O2 production is an economically competitive technology. • High current efficiency of H2O2 production was obtained with GDE at 5–400 mA/cm2. • GDE maintained high stability for H2O2 production for ~1000 h. • Electro-generation of H2O2 enhances ibuprofen removal in an E-peroxone process. This study evaluated the feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) for decentralized water treatment. Carbon black-polytetrafluoroethylene GDEs were prepared and tested in a continuous flow electrochemical cell for H2O2 production from oxygen reduction. Results showed that because of the effective oxygen transfer in GDEs, the electrode maintained high apparent current efficiencies (ACEs,>80%) for H2O2 production over a wide current density range of 5–400 mA/cm2, and H2O2 production rates as high as ~202 mg/h/cm2 could be obtained. Long-term stability test showed that the GDE maintained high ACEs (>85%) and low energy consumption (<10 kWh/kg H2O2) for H2O2 production for 42 d (~1000 h). However, the ACEs then decreased to ~70% in the following 4 days because water flooding of GDE pores considerably impeded oxygen transport at the late stage of the trial. Based on an electrode lifetime of 46 days, the overall cost for H2O2 production was estimated to be ~0.88 $/kg H2O2, including an electricity cost of 0.61 $/kg and an electrode capital cost of 0.27 $/kg. With a 9 cm2 GDE and 40 mA/cm2 current density, ~2–4 mg/L of H2O2 could be produced on site for the electro-peroxone treatment of a 1.2 m3/d groundwater flow, which considerably enhanced ibuprofen abatement compared with ozonation alone (~43%–59% vs. 7%). These findings suggest that electrochemical H2O2 production with GDEs holds great promise for the development of compact treatment technologies for decentralized water treatment at a household and community level.

关键词： Advanced oxidation process     Electro-peroxone     Gas diffusion electrode     Hydrogen peroxide     Oxygen reduction    

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考虑多孔电极内气液分布的数学模型

徐献芝,朱梅,杨基明

《中国工程科学》 2005年 第7卷 第8期   页码 36-40

摘要：

给出了多孔电极内不同气液分布形状的溶液欧姆定律；在单孔电极模型基础上定义了电化学反应的有效三相分界线长度概念，并给出了对应的计算方法；建立了基于多孔介质气液分布理论的一维电流和过电位数学模型，用数值迭代方法计算了沿电极面法线方向上的电流和过电位分布，分析了气体饱和度分布和有效三相分界线长度对它们的影响。

关键词： 多孔介质     过电位     单孔电极模型     三相界面     数学模型    

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气体多孔电极反应微观机理及宏观现象的研究

朱梅,徐献芝,杨基明

《中国工程科学》 2005年 第7卷 第5期   页码 79-83

摘要：

提出多孔电极研究的新思路、新方法，探索电极反应的微观机理及宏观现象，试图为制造高效多孔电极提供理论参考。通过锌空气电池实验对比了立式多孔碳电极相对于传统多孔碳电极在放电中的优点。通过实验观察了三相界面的形成形态随时间变化的3个宏观过程，根据3个宏观过程对应的电化学过程定义了电极反应中所形成的2种有代表性的三相界面。分析了电解液在多孔电极中运动的微观机理并得出理想突变界面是气体电极的最佳工作状态的结论。

关键词： 多孔电极     三相界面     锌空气电池    

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Predictive calculations of gas solubility and permeability in glassy polymeric membranes: An overview

Matteo Minelli, Maria Grazia De Angelis, Giulio C. Sarti

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第3期   页码 405-413 doi: 10.1007/s11705-017-1615-5

摘要： The possibility to evaluate in a predictive way the relevant transport properties of low molecular weight species, both gases and vapors, in glassy polymeric membranes is inspected in detail, with particular attention to the methods recently developed based on solid thermodynamic basis. The solubility of pure and mixed gases, diffusivity and permeability of single gases in polymer glasses are examined, considering in particular poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) as a relevant test case. The procedure clearly indicates what are the relevant physical properties of the polymer matrix and of the penetrants required by the calculations, which can be obtained experimentally through independent measurements. For gas and vapor solubility, the comparison with direct experimental data for mixed gases points out also the ability to account for the significant variations that solubility-selectivity experiences upon variations of pressure and/or feed composition. For gas and vapor permeability, the comparison with direct experimental data shows the possibility to account for the various different trends observed experimentally as penetrant pressure is increased, including the so-called plasticization behavior. The procedure followed for permeability calculations leads also to clear correlations between permeability and physical properties of both polymer and penetrant, based on which pure predictive calculations are reliably made.

关键词： solubility     permeability     glassy polymers     NELF model     diffusion    

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Study on the gas permeabilities in styrene-butadiene rubber by molecular dynamics simulation

Hailu LIU, Xuejia DING, Jun YI, Liqun ZHANG, Sizhu WU,

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第3期   页码 257-262 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0270-x

摘要： In this research, molecular dynamics (MD)simulations were used to study the transport properties of small gas molecules in the butadiene-styrene copolymer(SBR). The condensed-phase optimized molecular potentials for atomistic simulation studies (COMPASS) force field was applied. The diffusion coefficients were obtained from MD (NVT ensemble) and the relationship between gas permeability; the chemical structure and free volume of butadiene-styrene copolymer were investigated. The results indicated that the diffusion coefficient of oxygen declined with increasing styrene content. The fraction of free volume (FFV) in butadiene-styrene copolymer was calculated. It was concluded that diffusion coefficient increased as the FFV increases, which is in accordance with the analysis of the small molecular hop through the free volume in polymer matrix. Subsequently, the glass transition temperatures of these copolymers were calculated by MD. The result showed that the glass transition temperature increased with increasing styrene content in polymer.

关键词： diffusion     atomistic simulation     permeability     chemical structure     relationship    

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Atomistic simulations for adsorption and separation of flue gas in MFI zeolite and MFI/MCM-41 micro/mesoporous

Shengchi ZHUO, Yongmin HUANG, Jun HU, Honglai LIU

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第2期   页码 264-273 doi: 10.1007/s11705-010-1007-6

摘要： Adsorption of pure CO and N and separation of CO /N mixture in MFI zeolite and MFI/MCM-41 micro/mesoporous composite have been studied by using atomistic simulations. Fully atomistic models of MFI and MFI/MCM-41 are constructed and characterized. A bimodal pore size distribution is observed in MFI/MCM-41 from simulated small- and broad-angle X-ray diffraction patterns. The density of MFI/MCM-41 is lower than MFI, while its free volume and specific surface area are greater than MFI due to the presence of mesopores. CO is preferentially adsorbed than N , and thus, the loading and isosteric heat of CO are greater than N in both MFI and MFI/MCM-41. CO isotherm in MFI/MCM-41 is similar to that in MFI at low pressures, but resembles that in MCM-41 at high pressures. N shows similar amount of loading in MFI, MCM-41 and MFI/MCM-41. The selectivity of CO over N in the three adsorbents decreases in the order of MFI>MFI/MCM-41>MCM-41. With increasing pressure, the selectivity increases in MFI and MFI/MCM-41, but decreases in MCM-41. The self-diffusivity of CO and N in MFI decreases as loading increases, while in MFI/MCM-41, it first increases and then drops.

关键词： adsorption     diffusion     CO2     flue gas     zeolite     micro/mesoporous composite    

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Application of electrode materials and catalysts in electrocatalytic treatment of dye wastewater

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第6期   页码 1427-1443 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2108-0

摘要： The dye industry produces a large amount of hazardous wastewater every day worldwide, which brings potential threaten to the global environment. As an excellent method for removal of water chroma and chemical oxygen demand, electrocatalytic methods are currently widely used in the treatment of dye wastewater. The selection and preparation of electrode materials and electrocatalysts play an important role on the electrocatalytic treatment. The aim of this paper is to introduce the most excellent high-efficiency electrode materials and electrocatalysts in the field of dye wastewater treatment. Many electrode materials such as metal electrode materials, boron-doped diamond anode materials and three-dimensional electrode are introduced in detail. Besides, the mechanism of electrocatalytic oxidation is summarized. The composite treatment of active electrode and electrocatalyst are extensively examined. Finally, the progress of photo-assisted electrocatalytic methods of dye wastewater and the catalysts are described.

关键词： electrocatalytic oxidation     electrode     electrocatalysis     dye wastewater    

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Numerical simulation of three-dimensional gas/liquid two-phase flow in a proton exchange membrane fuel

ZHUGE Weilin, ZHANG Yangjun, LAO Xingsheng, CHEN Xiao, MING Pingwen

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第3期   页码 305-310 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0044-4

摘要： Investigation into the formation and transport of liquid water in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is the key to fuel cell water management. A three-dimensional gas/liquid two-phase flow and heat transfer model is developed based on the multiphase mixture theory. The reactant gas flow, diffusion, and chemical reaction as well as the liquid water transport and phase change process are modeled. Numerical simulations on liquid water distribution and its effects on the performance of a PEMFC are conducted. Results show that liquid water distributes mostly in the cathode, and predicted cell performance decreases quickly at high current density due to the obstruction of liquid water to oxygen diffusion. The simulation results agree well with experimental data.

关键词： diffusion     gas/liquid two-phase     management     exchange     transfer    

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Quality control based on electrode displacement and force in resistance spot welding

Chuntao JI, Lipeng DENG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第5卷 第4期   页码 412-417 doi: 10.1007/s11465-010-0114-x

摘要： The behaviors of electrode displacement and force during spot welding under various conditions, such as different weld currents, electrode forces, and welding times, were studied. Tests were conducted on a 170?kVA MFDC spot welder. Data were collected via a multichannel high-speed data acquisition system and were analyzed with MATLAB. Behaviors of 5182 aluminum and mild steel in spot welding were compared. Results show that nugget expansion rate does not reach zero for aluminium as it does for mild steel as nugget grew to a certain size. A linear relationship is found between the nugget size and maximum expansion that facilitates online weld quality evaluation. An electrode force peak is observed and believed relevant to the sufficient nugget size.

关键词： aluminum     electrode displacement     electrode force     nugget size     data acquisition    

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A novel flow electrode capacitive deionization device with spindle-shaped desalting chamber

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第18卷 第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-024-1800-y

摘要：

● A spindle-shaped influent chamber was designed and equipped in FCDI system.

关键词： Spindle-shaped chamber     Desalination performance     Flow electrode capacitive deionization    

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Fabricating sustainable lignin-derived porous carbon as electrode for high-performance supercapacitors

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第8期   页码 1065-1074 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2313-0

摘要： Lignocellulosic biomass such as plants and agricultural waste are ideal to tackle the current energy crisis and energy-related environmental issues. Carbon-rich lignin is abundant in lignocellulosic biomass, whose high-value transformation and utilization has been the most urgent problem to be solved. Herein, we propose a method for the preparation of porous carbon from lignin employing an H3PO4-assisted hydrothermal method. We characterize the as-prepared lignin-derived porous carbon and investigate its potential for energy storage. After assisted hydrothermal treatment followed by carbonization at 800 °C, the lignin-derived porous carbon displays a high specific capacitance (223.6 F·g–1 at 0.1 A·g–1) and excellent cycling ability with good capacitance retention. In this present study, the resultant lignin-derived porous carbon was used as the electrode of a supercapacitor, illustrating yet another potential high-value use for lignin, namely as a candidate for the sustainable fabrication of main supercapacitor components.

关键词： lignin     porous carbon     electrode     supercapacitor    

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Characterization of electrode fouling during electrochemical oxidation of phenolic pollutant

Xuefeng Liu, Shijie You, Fang Ma, Hao Zhou

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1345-7

摘要： Abstract • Electrode fouling is characterized by non-destructive characterization. • Electrode fouling is highly dependent on electrochemical process. • Active chlorine can prevent the formation of polymeric fouling film. Electrode fouling is a problem that commonly occurs during electro-oxidation water purification. This study focused on identifying the fouling behavior of Pt electrode associated with the formation of polymeric layer during electro-oxidation of phenol. The in situ electrochemical measurements and non-destructive observation of the electrode morphology were reported. The results demonstrated that the electrode fouling was highly dependent on thermodynamic process of electrode that was controlled by anode potential. At anode potential lower than 1.0 V vs SHE, the direct electro-oxidation caused the electrode fouling by the formation of polymeric film. The fouling layer decreased the electrochemically active surface area from 8.38 cm2 to 1.57 cm2, indicated by the formation of polymeric film with thickness of 2.3 mm, increase in mass growing at a rate of 3.26 μg/cm2/min. The degree to which the anode was fouled was independent of anion in the electrolyte. In comparison, at anode potential higher than 2.7 V vs SHE, the anions (e.g., chloride) could exert a major influence to the behavior of electrode fouling. The presence of chloride was shown to mitigate the fouling of electrode significantly through preventing the formation of polymeric film by active chlorine (e.g., Cl• and Cl2) produced from anodic oxidation of chloride. Since chloride is the most abundant anionic species existing in both natural and engineered water system, this study not only offers a deep insight into the mechanism of electrode fouling, but also suggests strategies for anti-fouling in the presence of chloride in electro-oxidation process.

关键词： Electro-oxidation     Electrode fouling     Polymeric film     Chloride ions    

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Coupled diffusion of chloride and other ions in saturated concrete

Nattapong DAMRONGWIRIYANUPAP, Linyuan LI, Yunping XI

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2011年 第5卷 第3期   页码 267-277 doi: 10.1007/s11709-011-0112-z

摘要： Corrosion of reinforcing steel due to chloride ions is one of the severe deterioration problems in long-term performance of reinforced concrete structures. The deterioration process is frequently found in marine concrete structures, highway pavements, and bridges exposed to deicing salts. The diffusion of chloride ions is associated and strongly affected by other ions in the pore solution in concrete. In this paper, chloride penetration into concrete structures was mathematically characterized by the Nernst-Planck equation which considered not only diffusion mechanism of the chloride ions but also ionic interaction among other ions coming from externally applied deicers and within the Portland cement paste. Electroneutrality was used to determine the electrostatic potential induced by the ionic interaction. The material models of chloride binding capacity and chloride diffusion coefficient were incorporated in the governing equations. The governing equations were solved by using finite element method. A numerical example was used to illustrate the coupling effect of multi-ionic interactions and the effect of influential parameters. The numerical results obtained from the present model agreed very well with available test data.

关键词： diffusion     chloride     concrete     Nernst-Planck equation     durability    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

A comprehensive assessment on the durability of gas diffusion electrode materials in PEM fuel cell stack

Arunkumar JAYAKUMAR

期刊论文

Preparation of a Pb loaded gas diffusion electrode and its application to CO

Ang LI, Hua WANG, Jinyu HAN, Li LIU

期刊论文

Evaluation of the technoeconomic feasibility of electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production for decentralized water treatment

Yang Li, Yixin Zhang, Guangshen Xia, Juhong Zhan, Gang Yu, Yujue Wang

期刊论文

考虑多孔电极内气液分布的数学模型

徐献芝,朱梅,杨基明

期刊论文

气体多孔电极反应微观机理及宏观现象的研究

朱梅,徐献芝,杨基明

期刊论文

Predictive calculations of gas solubility and permeability in glassy polymeric membranes: An overview

Matteo Minelli, Maria Grazia De Angelis, Giulio C. Sarti

期刊论文

Study on the gas permeabilities in styrene-butadiene rubber by molecular dynamics simulation

Hailu LIU, Xuejia DING, Jun YI, Liqun ZHANG, Sizhu WU,

期刊论文

Atomistic simulations for adsorption and separation of flue gas in MFI zeolite and MFI/MCM-41 micro/mesoporous

Shengchi ZHUO, Yongmin HUANG, Jun HU, Honglai LIU

期刊论文

Application of electrode materials and catalysts in electrocatalytic treatment of dye wastewater

期刊论文

Numerical simulation of three-dimensional gas/liquid two-phase flow in a proton exchange membrane fuel

ZHUGE Weilin, ZHANG Yangjun, LAO Xingsheng, CHEN Xiao, MING Pingwen

期刊论文

Quality control based on electrode displacement and force in resistance spot welding

Chuntao JI, Lipeng DENG

期刊论文

A novel flow electrode capacitive deionization device with spindle-shaped desalting chamber

期刊论文

Fabricating sustainable lignin-derived porous carbon as electrode for high-performance supercapacitors

期刊论文

Characterization of electrode fouling during electrochemical oxidation of phenolic pollutant

Xuefeng Liu, Shijie You, Fang Ma, Hao Zhou

期刊论文

Coupled diffusion of chloride and other ions in saturated concrete

Nattapong DAMRONGWIRIYANUPAP, Linyuan LI, Yunping XI

期刊论文